Neuron Conduction :: physics science

Introduction During a thunderstorm in 1786, Luigi Galvani touched a frogà ¢s leg with a metal instrument and noticed the muscles twitching. He concluded that the storm had generated electricity, which conducted through the frogà ¢s nerves and caused the muscles to contract. Nerves do transmit impulses from one part of the body to another, but in a different way than in an ordinary conductor. The electrical properties are different in neural conduction because it is slower and does not very in strength (it is a all-or-nothing conduction). A nerve cell (neuron) is the basic building block of the nervous system and is specialized to transmit information. It consists of a cell body and two types of branchlike fibers, dendrites and axons (top of Figure 1). Dendrites, along the cell body, receive information in the form of stimuli from sensory receptors or from other nerve cells. The axon is a long, thin cellular extension responsible for transmitting information to other nerve cells, and is filled with a viscous intracellular fluid called the axoplasm. If stimuli received by the dendrites or the cell body is above the cellà ¢s intensity threshold, a nerve impulse is initiated which propagates along the axon. It flows along the axon away from the cell body toward the terminal branches. Once a nerve impulse reaches the terminal branches, neurotransmitter substances release, conveying the impulse to receptors on the next cell. The Resting Potential of the Nerve Cell Critical to the function of the nerve cell, the cell membrane maintains intracellular conditions that differ from those of the extracellular environment. There is an excess of negative ions inside the cell membrane and an excess of positive ions outside (middle of Figure 1). The electrochemical gradient across the membrane is the means of nerve impulse transmission. The concentration of potassium (K+) is 30 times greater in the fluid inside the cell than outside and the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is nearly 10 times greater in the fluid outside the cell than inside (See Table 1). Anions, particularly chloride (Cl--), are also unevenly distributed. Nerve cells use both passive diffusion and active transport to maintain these differentials across their cell membranes. The unequal distribution of Na+ and K+ is established by an energy-dependant Na+-K+ à £pumpà ¤, moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Specialized proteins embedded in the nerve cell membrane function a s voltage-dependant channels, passing through Na+ and K+ during nerve impulse transmission.

Series Circuit

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary All circuits have three common attributes. These are: 1. A source of voltage. 2. A load. 3. A complete path. VS + R3 R1 R2 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary A series circuit is one that has only one current path. R1 R1 R2 R3 VS R3 R2 VS R1 R2 R3 VS Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary Series circuit rule for current:Because there is only one path, the current everywhere is the same. For example, the reading on the first ammeter is 2. 0 mA, What do the other meters read? + 2. 0 mA _ VS _ R1 + 2. 0 mA _ R2 2. 0 mA + _ 2. 0 mA +  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary The total resistance of resistors in series is the sum of the individual resi stors. For example, the resistors in a series circuit are 680 ? , 1. 5 k? , and 2. 2 k?. What is the total resistance? R1 VS 12 V 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? 4. 38 k? R3 2. 2 k?Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuit Summary VS 12 V R1 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? R3 2. 2 k? Tabulating current, resistance, voltage and power is a useful way to summarize parameters in a series circuit. Continuing with the previous example, complete the parameters listed in the Table. I1= 2. 74 mA I2= 2. 74 mA I3= 2. 74 mA IT= 2. 74 mA R1= 0. 68 k? R2= 1. 50 k? R3= 2. 20 k? RT= 4. 38 k? V1= 1. 86 V V2= 4. 11 V V3= 6. 03 V VS= 12 V P1= 5. 1 mW P2= 11. 3 mW P3= 16. 5 mW PT= 32. 9 mW  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-HallElectric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Summary Kirchhoff’s voltage law Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) is generally stated as: The sum of all the voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage in that closed path. KVL applies to all circuits, but you must apply it to only one closed path. In a series circuit, this is (of course) the entire circuit. Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary VS 12 V R1 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? Kirchhoff’s voltage law R3 2. 2 k?Notice in the series example given earlier that the sum of the resistor voltages is equal to the source voltage. I1= 2. 74 mA I2= 2. 74 mA I3= 2. 74 mA IT= 2. 74 mA R1= 0. 68 k? R2= 1. 50 k? R3= 2. 20 k? RT= 4. 38 k? V1= 1. 86 V P1= 5. 1 mW V2= 4. 11 V P2= 11. 3 mW V3= 6. 03 V P3= 16. 5 mW VS= 12 V PT= 32. 9 mW  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Summary Voltage divider rule The voltage drop across any given resistor in a series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistor to the total resistance, multiplied by source voltage.VS Assume R1 is twice the size of R2. What is the voltage across R1? 8 V 12 V R1 R2 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Voltage divider Summary R1 15 k? VS + 20 V R2 10 k? What is the voltage across R2? The total resistance is 25 k?. Applying the voltage divider formula: ? R2 V2 = ? ? RT ? ? 10 k? ? ? VS = ? ? 20 V = 8. 0 V ? 25 k? ? ? Notice that 40% of the source voltage is across R2, which represents 40% of the total resistance. Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4Voltage divider Summary Voltage dividers can be set up for a variable output using a potentiometer. In the circuit shown, the output voltage is variable. VS + 15 V R1 20 k? R2 10 k? What is the largest output voltage available? 5. 0 V VOUT Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary R1 470 ? VS + 20 V R2 330 ? Power in Series Circuits Use the voltage divider rule to find V1 and V2. Then find the power in R1 and R2 and PT. Applyin g the voltage divider rule: ? 470 ? ? V1 = ? ? 20 V = 11. 75 V ? 800 ? ? ? 330 ? V2 = ? ? 20 V = 8. 25 V ? 800 ? ? The power dissipated by each resistor is: P= 1 (11. 75 V ) 2 470 ? 2 ( 8. 25 V ) = 0. 21 W P2 = 330 ? = 0. 29 W } PT = 0. 5 W Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary A VS + 12 V R1 5. 0 k? B R2 10 k? C Voltage measurements Voltage is relative and is measured with respect to another point in the circuit. Voltages that are given with respect to ground are shown with a single subscript. For example, VA means the voltage at point A with respect to ground (called reference ground).VB means the voltage at point B with respect to ground. VAB means the voltage between points A and B. What are VA, VB, and VAB for the circuit shown? VA = 12 V VB = 8 V VAB = 4 V Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary A R1 5. 0 k? B R2 10 k? C Voltage measurements Ground reference is not always at the lowest point in a circuit. Assume the ground is moved to B as shown. VS + 12 V What are VA, VB, and VC for the circuit? VA = 4 V VB = 0 V VC = ? 8 V Has VAB changed from the previous circuit?No, it is still 4 V Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Selected Key Terms Series In an electric circuit, a relationship of components in which the components are connected such that they provide a single path between two points. Kirchhoff’s A law stating that (1) the sum of the voltage voltage law drops around a closed loop equals the source voltage in that loop or (2) the algebraic sum of all of the voltages (drops and source) is zero. Voltage divider A circuit consisting of series resistors across which one or more output voltages are taken.Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Reference ground Selected Key Terms The metal chassis that houses the assembly or a la rge conductive area on a printed circuit board is used as a common or reference point; also called common. A circuit condition in which the current path is broken. A circuit condition in which there is zero or an abnormally low resistance between two points; usually an inadvertent condition. Open Short Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall

Forms of Punishment - 862 Words

Forms of punishment consist of Capital Punishment, Imprisonment, Probation, Fines, Restitution and Community Service, and Restorative Justice. (Seiter, R. 2011) In the early part of the 1700s there was corporal punishment, torture, and public humiliation. There were other forms of punishment which consists of branding, beating, and mutilation. Prisoners were considered less of a human because of their criminal acts. They were forced to right their wrongs that they have committed either through physical pain, being publicly humiliated and/or endured mutilation, or they were branded, tortured, and/or put to death. (Seiter, R. 2011) When capital or corporal punishment was used in public, it was to help in deterring individual offenders and the broader community. These forms of punishments were done merely to make a mockery of the offender. The citizens of the community were allowed to throw rocks and/or rotten vegetables at the offender. (Seiter, R. 2011) In the 16th and the 17th century prisons was more of a place where individuals were held when they were waiting to go to trial or waiting for their punishment. During the 1700s there were only local holding cells, common prisons, and houses of correction. The first prison in the United States was the Walnut Street Jail. The Governor of Pennsylvania realized that the criminal codes were not humane and that the judges were ineffective because more times then not they did not follow the criminal codes. The Quakers wereShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Is A Form Of Punishment1236 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Punishment is a form of punishment used to put criminals to death for certain serious crimes. Capital Punishment has been around for many years in different variations by putting an individuals to death, because many people are afraid to die. However, over the years problems have risen about the ethical issues on whether killing someone in terms of a punishment is ethical or uneth ical. Therefore, since the death penalty is within the states, some states decided to opt out of being a deathRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishment as anRead MoreNon Judicial Punishment Is A Form Of Punishment1323 Words   |  6 PagesNon-judicial punishment Non-judicial punishment is a form of punishment that is authorized by the UCMJ, which is an article 15, this allows a commander to discipline troops without court-martial (Non-Judicial Punishment Explained, n.d.). Some minor offenses a service member may receive an article 15 for are: reporting to duty late, disobeying orders, destruction of government property, petty theft, or any other offense the commander of a unit deems as minor (Non-Judicial Punishment Explained,Read MoreTrauma Is A Form Of Punishment913 Words   |  4 PagesTrauma is present in many currently incarcerated prisoners caused by being subjected to prolonged incarceration in an environment that is used as a form of punishment. â€Å"Trauma is an event in which there is physical harm, the self is wounded, or when a person who directly experiences, witnesses, or learns about a violent event is damaged by it† (DeVeaux, 2013). In simpler terms, trauma is an emotional response to a terrible event. Symptoms of trauma may be more prevalent in prisoners detained in solitaryRead MoreIncarceration as a Form of Punishment1355 Words   |  6 PagesIncarceration is thought of as a positive form of punishment, and negative form of punishment. The opinion varies with the type of person, and their experience from jail if they have gone. Most inmates while in prison will tell you it is a horrible place that should be gone. That would allow criminals to be free and that would let them cause harm to others or other illegal activities. Incarceration was not designed to be a paradise, it is a detention center for the bad, and meant for them to be punishedRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is A Form Of Physical Punishment1363 Words   |  6 Pages Corporal punishment is a form of physical punishment that inflicts pain on kids for their negative actions such as spanking. This topic is controversial because some people feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue using these methods and others f eel very strongly that they should not be allowed to. I feel as if this method of punishment is inhumane and should not continue to be used. The modernization of psychology has proved that hitting children will not help them learn thatRead MoreSlavery As A Form Of Punishment2010 Words   |  9 Pages I wouldn’t want to have to constantly have adjust to being slaved against my will. Basically the mid- 19th century the whites remained doing slavery as a domain to keep the population in check. The evolution over time profound slavery as a form of punishment to the welcoming of a new focus of controlling the occupants of the colonies. I’ve come to realize that the struggle that people live upon during this time, I wouldn’t wish it upon anyone. The African slaves was used as a cheaper source of workRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment - An Appropriate Form of Punishment888 Words   |  4 Pagessettlers first stepped foot on what is now the United States of America, capital punishment has been reserved as a form of punishment for the people who have committed some of society’s most heinous crimes. Recently, support of capital punishment has begun to erode due to the advancements of DNA technology and groups, such as the Innocence Project. Capital punishment, however, remains to be an appropriate form of punishment for someone convicted of capital crimes, and may be effective in deterring suchRead MorePunishment: Forms and Functions Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesstate authority to dispense justice in the form of punishment to maintain social solidarity. There are many forms of punishment that can be given to an offender, each with their own functions for the offender and society itself. Imprisonment is one of the most widely used forms of punishments globally, the ideology of imprisonment globally tends to remain the same. There are several functions of imprisonment and whether it is an effective method of punishment is widely argued by sociologist. To removeRead MoreSolitary Confinement Is A Form Of Punishment918 Words   |  4 Pagescannot be left in general population. Supermax prisons is a form of tool where the wardens and security guards can manage any disobedient prisoners. Many state wardens believe that solitary confinement does provide order and safety to the correctional staff and the inmates as well. This form of housing unit is needed because those who are not cooperative to any form of treatment and who are a threat to those around them need this form of punishment. â€Å"Supermax is a mechanism of â€Å"herding a specific population

Latino History and Culture - 6732 Words

Latino History and Culture Historians are still unclear on when the first Latinos appeared in North America. The most prevalent theory is that they were nomadic hunters who came from the Asia mainland and across the then frozen Bering Straight into Alaska. Regardless of their origins their main region is now the Americas, both North and South and it is expected that the Latino population in the United States will increase by 40% in the next ten years (US Census 2010). Their culture and society is steeped in tradition and understanding and appreciating their culture is imperative for any person working in the social services field. Latino Traditions and Culture The Latino culture contains many diverse sub-cultures,†¦show more content†¦This may simply involve the casting of a spell. Religion and Traditions In general Latinos are very religious, 90% of Latinos are Catholic or Protestant. The church serves as a guide for perceptions and behaviors, influencing decisions and judgments. The church is often an important source for social support and interaction. Latino churches also teach the value of family and are often a place where there are Spanish language masses. The communal nature of Latinos is represented by the use of food in the culture, sharing and offering food to guests is important and often relates to the holidays that Latino’s often celebrate. Holidays are an important part of Latino culture, some holidays relate to the religious, while others relate to anniversaries of major battles in Mexican history. All the major catholic holidays are celebrated by Latinos such as Christmas, Lent and Easter as well as the Catholic rites of passage Baptism, Holy Communion, and Confirmation. The Day of the Virgin Guadalupe is December 12. The Virgin of Gu adalupe is Mexico s most popular religious and cultural image, with the titles Queen of Mexico, Empress of the Americas and Patroness of the Americas, both Miguel Hidalgo (in the Mexican War of Independence) and Emiliano Zapata (during the Mexican Revolution) carried Flags bearing the Our Lady of Guadalupe, and Guadalupe Victoria, the firstShow MoreRelatedLatino Americans : History, Culture, And Hardships Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesLatino Americans: Their History, Culture, and Hardships The United States is home to more than 50 million Latino Americans, which accounts for one-sixths of the population. Spanish is not only the second most widely spoken language in the United States, but is also the first European language spoken in what was to become the United States. The history of Latinos in the Americas dates back to the 16th century, when many Spanish conquistadors and priests crossed the Rio Grande in search for goldRead MoreFear Of The Latino Invasion Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction On September 1, 2016, Marco Gutierrez from Latinos for Trump exclaimed that: â€Å"My culture is a very dominant culture, and it’s imposing and it’s causing problems†¦ if you don’t do something about it, you’re going to have taco trucks on every corner.† The hashtag ‘#tacotrucksoneverycorner’ blew up on Twitter and Facebook as many people fantasized about a utopia in which you could have nearly unlimited access to tacos al pastor. However, Gutierrez’s comment also cast a light on a very seriousRead MoreThe Latino s Impact On Society1003 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The Latino has had impact on every aspect of American society. The Latino culture is becoming popular everyday with popularity of Latin American food and music and media to name a few. The business is recognizing the potential Latino community as its consumer base. latinos are playing an important role in the outcome of elections. Politicians increasingly recognize the political importance of the Latino population. Policymakers are trying to gather knowledge about the Latino population toRead MoreIm Proud To Be Puerto Rican Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagespredominately white neighborhood where I consistently heard racist thoughts about Latinos. Throughout the hallways of my school or outside in the playground, I would hear that Latinos are drug addicts; they dont work; they depend on welfare. I also heard comments, such as Latinos are gang members, Latin mothers are slaves to their husbands, and the only job Latin women can have is working as a maid. Growing up, there were few Latino s in television and Hollywood. Even then, Latin characters were portrayedRead MoreBlack History After American History900 Words   |  4 PagesBlack History Month started off, as Black History Week in 1926 in 1976 it became a month. It is known that many minorities have suffered in America, Canada, and the United Kingdom especially African Americans; therefore, a month was created to raise awareness of their culture and the role they played in American history. There are other minorities such as Latinos and the Gay/Lesbian community who have suffered and played a huge role in American history who deserve an annual celebration of achievementsRead MoreThe Latino Journey in the United States: Immigrants Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pages A diverse minority group of Latino and Spanish-speaking peoples has played an important part of what it means to be American and what it means to be a citizen in the United States today. Moving into the future, in order to analyze the trajectory that this group is in, we must first understand the group’s history in the United States and in territories that would become the United States. In addition, we must look at the origins of the most recent wave of Latino immigration in order to understandRead MoreImmigration And The American Culture1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American Society based on what they believed the American culture and customs were. Sometimes they chose not to practice them because they were against their own personal beliefs (Zunz, Bodnar, and Thernstrom, p.53.). In recent arguments, some people believe that assimilation is achieved by adopting the American norms and language. While others believe immigrants should integrate their own customs and language into the American culture. These speculations have placed a dividing line in between howRead MoreMulticulturalism And By Providing Valuable Tools And Insights For Working With Latino Families1446 Words   |  6 Pagesinsights for working with Latino families. Through research, it is suggested that the needs to employing effective clinical strategies for addressing issues that frequently confront Latino families, such as different migration histories, experiences of racial discrimination, acculturation conflicts, and other cultural dilemmas and challenges can result from adapting to a new cultural setting (Sue Sue, 2012).The United States is rapidly becoming culturally diverse with the Latino population recently becomingRead MoreModule 2 : Thinking Like A Historian1419 Words   |  6 Pagesthese two scholars by answering the following questions. Be sure to find specific examples in the selections to support your answers. 1.) What issues that surround Latino immigration to America does each author address? Dr. Jason Richwine discusses the Latino’s absorption and integration into the American culture. He compares the Latino nation with other countries’ immigrants that has rose out of poverty, while the Hispanics have not been rising up out of the lower class after several generationsRead MoreMajor Themes Of Mexico And Peru915 Words   |  4 Pagestaken to these two countries. It was even said that the number of African slaves taken into Mexico and Peru outnumber the slaves that were in the United States. One aspect of this phenomenon was that in Mexico, the African culture was mixed with the whites and Spanish culture early on, resulting in the â€Å"dilution† of African presence in Mexico. After the abolition of slavery in 1830 the Catholic Church even allowed interracial marriage between the blacks, whites, and Spanish. In one part of the video

The Effects Of Video Games On Youth - 2604 Words

Joe Nardi Nardi 1 12/29/14 Ms. Galenski The Effects of Violent Video games on Youth In modern video game stores, topics that would have previously been viewed as taboo are now widely displayed and accepted as normal, such as violence. Some people question as to whether or not it is beneficial for people, especially children, to see these behaviors on a regular basis. It has become clear that many of the people who have drawn attention to this issue use studies and research whose credibility should be and in many cases has been questioned. The media takes these studies and over publicizes them saying that video games negatively impact children. Contrary to popular belief, most research that has been credited shows that violent video games have little to no negative effect of youth psyche. Video games have had a long track record of being prosecuted by people who have little to no reason to pursue the case other than the money that the lawsuit could potentially result in, rather than reforms in the games. Many people demand that age and content restrictions on video games should be in place due to their mislead notions that video games negatively affect their children. There is a rating system called the â€Å"Entertainment Software Rating Board† that all videogame companies use to prevent kids from getting content that their parents decide is not appropriate for them. Nardi 2 The rating go from E for everyone to AO for adults only which is for peopleShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Its Effects On Youth Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesof video games, and Angry Birds Theme Park in China Universal Studios in Hollywood, California both also involve video game entertainment, therefore everywhere you go videogames follow! Obviously, the better technology gets the more accessible video games are becoming. Over 90% of the young adults and young children population play video games in the United States. Unfortunately, 90% of those games involve mature content that often includes violence (â€Å"Little By Little, Violent Video Games MakeRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Youth1833 Words   |  8 Pagessuggests violent video games might be to blame. Video games have been culprits of crime today to many eyes in America. Just about anyone in most modernized countries has heard the claim before, placing the blame on a video game, music or television for the vio lent acts seen in their youth today. There is no link to violence on video games. Typically, these trends seem to pop up when we are referencing school shootings, gang related crime and other domestic terrorist acts done by our youth. It is too easyRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Youth2755 Words   |  12 Pagesadolescent stem from playing violent video games. In 1976, the first violent video game â€Å"Death Race† was released but, never held accountable for wrong doings of the youths of that time era. It has only been in recent years that society blames the violence within these games for the negative behaviors of youths. The graphics within these games have consistently improved over that past few decades and now seem just as realistic as life itself. Although, video games are more realistic than decades beforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Youth Essay2120 Words   |  9 Pagesto videogames, we have a plethora of sources to seek entertainment. Video games were a large amount of my childhood (they still are), and I found that playing video games- both violent and non-violent- were constantly engaging me in stimulating exercises that helped my perceptual-motor and memory, decision making, problem-solving and social skills. For years now I have heard the countless public beliefs that violent video games are related to aggressive and sometimes lethal behaviors, and I wantedRead MoreEffects of Video Games on Youth3104 Words   |  13 PagesEffects of Video Games on Youth Technology has been evolving since the days of the cavemen and has become an integral component of our everyday life. Technology has been integrated in education, media, the workplace, and our world runs around the evolution and ever developing fast pace of technology. Modern technology especially effects the youth of today’s day and age, because they have grown up with extremely advanced technology and are completely engrossed by it. The primary concern peopleRead MoreEssay on Effects Of Video Games On Youth877 Words   |  4 Pages Excessive video game playing has been a problem with today’s youth they have had more influences over the youth than ever before. That brings to my attention a question, how do video games affect the youth of our society? Excessive video game playing, especially violent video games, can lead to youth violence, a decrease in academic success and many other negative things. I realize that some parents believe that they can be good for children, I agree but I also disagree in some cases. Some parentsRead MoreViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth800 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth Today our world is surrounded by technology and new inventions that make our lives better. Some of the most popular of hobbies among children and teenagers are video games, but what many people don’t know is that they are bad for them. Violent video games in particular have been proven to not be appropriate for the age groups that play them and to have a negative effect on school, social behavior, and increase aggression. Kids who play violent videoRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Youth Essay1973 Words   |  8 Pageswatching TV and video gaming. However, the people who control the media have started implementing materials that show violence into all sources of digital entertainment, unaware of its serious psychological effects on youth. Youngsters are presently effortlessly presented to violence as diversions and consequently now have weapons and explosives comfortable fingertips, and this has prompted to some horrible results. It is likewise said that youngsters who are presented to violent video games might be atRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Today s Youth1131 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Video games have been one of the most popular sources of entertainment for quite some time. Video games have changed the entertainment industry and is now a billion-dollar industry. The industry has also effected society. Of course, there are some benefits of using video games, but there are also many negative effects of the use of video games, especially on today’s youth. According to NPD, ninety-one percent of children from the age of two to seventeen play video games (Camp, 2011)Read MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Youth2014 Words   |  9 Pages Introduction A violent video game is defined as a video game where the range of options available to a player includes killing, maiming, dismembering, or sexually assaulting an image of a human being (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2010). For many years there has been increasing concern by the general public, policy makers and social scientists as to whether or not violent video games have a negative influence on the behaviour of youth. With the popularity of the gaming culture growing

National Health Policy on a Specific Topic

Question: Analyse and compare the formation and implementation of national health policy on a specific topic/issue? Answer: The National Health Policy includes the immediate improvement of the health system performance. From the last years of the Millennium Declaration and its Goals, this policy is being structured. All nations in their global context committed to moving towards the coverage of universal health. The national health policy relates the economic growth and the health status of a particular country. It is a declaration of the country's government to achieve health outcomes by using its economic growth. The implementation of national health policy is a complex procedure. At every level of the health system, attention should be paid to ensure the implementation and sustainability of this health policy (Syed et al., 2013). In this essay, a comparative study between the formation and implementation of national health policy has been done on a specific issue between two countries on some aspect. Here the two countries Netherland and the United Kingdom are taken in consideration. In these two countries the patient safety issues will be compared based on the following three aspects: the interest and power actors and stakeholders, the relevant contextual factors and the implementation policy in each of the countries (Tella et al., 2014) Patient safety is a healthcare discipline that mainly focuses on the analysis of reporting and prevention of medical error. The improvement of patient safety policy includes steps like an adaptation of new technologies, educating the providers as well as the consumers, improving the system of error reporting and developing the economic incentives. Stakeholders in an organization are those entities; that plays a role in the health and performance of an organization, or that gets affected by the action of an organization. The quality of patient safety and healthcare is quiet complex because of the different stakeholders and their different views. The different stakeholders involved in patient safety and healthcare policies are clinical staff, patients, consultants, managers, professional bodies, universities, regulatory bodies, deaneries, trainers, etc. (Neuss et al., 2013). In Netherlands, the stakeholders contribute to patient safety in many different ways: Most importantly every employee should maintain the organizational culture, and they have to be trained properly to make them aware of the risks. The communication within the organization and with patients is important. To improve the communication, meeting with CEOs, nurse advisory boards, medical board members, patient safety coordinators are arranged to exchange experience and knowledge. The management should pay attention in risk analysis and monitoring every system to evaluate the safety policy. A training program for all employees is needed to implement the patient safety management system(Dahlgren et al.,2015). In Netherlands, the Traceability Focus Group brings the different stakeholders together in the healthcare organizations. They include representatives from different medical device suppliers and hospitals. The aim of this group is to form a community of stakeholders where they can exchange their traceability projects, experience, and knowledge to connect with their partner. It helps them to act as a community to help the newcomers, who are willing to start their projects. Focus group has worked on collecting evidence on the fact that how they can be able to contribute more efficiently in the supply chain in a more safe way. This resulted in increased patient safety, traceability business case in the operation. The traceability standards for healthcare provide a path to achieve the desired situation for patient safety (Neuss et al., 2013). The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement has suggested the major stakeholders and their interests and contributions associated with patient safety in UK have been discussed in following points: one of the major stakeholders is the patients who have important role to perform in the implementation of patient safety. The patients should be co-operative and should have the power to get involved and contribute to the decision making of a health organization. The organization should also consider and understand the patient's expectation to provide a better service. The clinical staffs are another important stakeholders. A good communication between the clinical staffs is very much required to maintain the transparency inside the organization, which indirectly affects the patient safety. The professional bodies of the organization should maintain the privacy and dignity of a patient while working with other professionals within the organization. If an individual is involved in teach ing, he or she should ensure that the necessary skills are included in the training. The doctors should listen and respect the views of patients and other staffs. They should act immediately after a patient has suffered from any harm. The managers of any healthcare association should pay importance to risk management and regular audit. All these steps are taken to minimize the impact and possibility of error ensuring patient safety (Klemp et al., 2015) . The term contextual factor means that what determinant can be adopted for the effectiveness of the chosen matter. Concerning patient safety, it is based on the study for how to make a patient safe and helps them to recover as soon as possible. An emergency never comes up with a notice. Therefore, whenever someone faces emergencies like physical injuries medical hospitals are always there to assist them. Their prime responsibility is to take care of them with providing a safe service, sometimes friendly behavior so that they can revive rapidly. This leads to the discussion about patient safety. The main aspect concerning this is to reduce and prevent accidental issues and provide them care in case they suffer (Lawton et al., 2012). The main reason for a patient to choose a good hospital is for the facilities and medical treatment they provide to them. Therefore, maintaining their equipment time to time is a very important aspect. This helps the organization to prevent some situation like-if a patient is affected by some infection or suffers adversely by the wrong prescription of medication. Many a time it happens that during the stay period of a patient, they can be feeling very detached due to many reasons, it's the doctor's responsibility to provide them care with affection and support them morally. Strengthen a bond with the sufferer helps a lot to recover them quickly. Doctors at times conducted a psychological therapy for understanding the patient better and gaining their trust. The doctor must understand that every patient is different, and they need different assistance. The doctors and the nurses must have to be very gentle, quiet and tolerant (Dahlgren et al., 2015). Ill-treatments or overlooking the medication policy by the doctor sometimes leads to the patient's death, which not only disappoints their family members but it also affect the reputation of the hospital unfavorably. The fact is that the well-known the organization is, the greater the responsibility also. They must have to take in account that they must have to maintain their dignity and prosperity in every field of their work to survive with prominence (Klemp et al., 2015) Lastly, the main culmination in the future is why in the forthcoming days the patients will choose the organization. By providing a safe service to the present victims, so that they can recommend that institute to some people need medical assistance. This will help them to gain popularity as well as helps them to survive in the competitive world where many other medical homes are competing in the same field (Tella et al., 2014). The government of United Kingdom has taken the policy of patient safety for the patients of UK healthcare sector. Implementation of patient safety is a critical aspect of healthcare management. However, a patient safety of UK has faced lots of issues while providing service to the patients. A Recent issue of negligence of patients in Stafford Hospital has reminded that NHS needs to provide more fruitful and active strategy for the patients. National Health Safety of England took the responsibility of providing safety to the patients. NHS England implemented the policy of patient safety through the adoption of the review process of every individual case of the patients. The review process will describe the aspect of issues of safety among the patients of a hospital (Aiken et al., 2012). The indicators of patient safety are included within the report of patient safety as well as the important report of the security incident. Healthcare-associated infections and failure of children infections have also been included within the aspect of patient safety. The monitoring process is also given seriousness by the NHS of United Kingdom. Strategic Health Authorities has also been made as a reporting authority of patient safety. The NHS has taken the goal to reduce the number of issues within the aspect of patients safety. This policy of patients safety also ensures the security of all medical devices or medicines (Davis et al., 2012). The new patient safety system of NHS UK also protects the vulnerable adult. The patient safety program of NHS UK always regulates the application of medical devices or medicines. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) of NHS UK help to ensure the safety of all drugs and medical equipment. However, NHS UK has learned from the previous mistakes in health and social care setting. NHS UK has provided useful as well as relevant actions for the people of learning difficulties, the issue of mental health. This patient safety program of UK also ensures high quality of care for the patients of the country (Gov.uk, 2015). Dutch patient safety program is intended to maintain the security of a patient. The security program of Netherland is referred to as prevent harm, work safely. The implementation of a safety program is very effective for maintaining the security measure of the patients. Netherland has initiated national patient safety program which is called as Prevent harm, work safely.' This patient safety program applies within the network of a hospital. This program also provides leadership session with the CEO, nurses as well as members of the medical board and an advisory council of a nurse. This program is also involved in coordinating the aspect of patients safety within the organization. This program is also designed to exchange experience and knowledge among the patients or key stakeholders of a particular group (Lunt et al., 2013). The approach of patients safety is designed to develop basic requirements for the security management system of patients. This program is also designed to improve training and material for different hospitals. Dutch patients policy is also intended to meet the requirements of leadership, employees and communication with the key stakeholders of the healthcare group. The patient safety policies are not much different in UK and Netherlands. Both focus on patient satisfaction by maintaining a good communication with them and by providing a good healthcare service. Both of the countries have a structured management system for risk analysis, auditing, and documentation. To minimize the errors a good communication has to be maintained, and it is implemented in the healthcare organizations of the two countries using arranging meeting between the CEOs, officers of healthcare departments, doctors, other organizational staffs. In both countries, an emphasis is given on the proper training of employees to maintain the culture of an organization and to implement patient safety policies properly. A hygienic condition should be strictly maintained to avoid the chance of infection of any patient. New technologies are implemented for more accuracy in the treatment procedure. Different certified management systems are implemented in healthcare organizations to e nsure patient safety. The Dutch approach of patient safety takes three steps in consideration: first of all the basic requirements of a patient safety management system should be developed. Secondly, it is important to train each and every employee at each level and develop the material necessary for the implementation of patient safety in any organization. Lastly, the hospitals should reduce the preventable harm (Klemp et al., 2015). In the patient safety of UK, the NHS agenda consists of four components. Firstly, it is necessary to set national standards such as those set out a framework in national service, Controls Assurance standards, NICE standards, etc. The second step is to set up an effective delivery system through the clinical governance. Thirdly, develop a strong monitoring system throughout the organization to improve the performance of the framework and to minimize health hazards of the patient. Finally, measures are taken for an increment in public and patient involvement, like patient surveys, complaints procedure of NHS (Lawton et al., 2012). From this comparative study, it can be concluded that improvement of patient safety is a major priority for both of these countries. The proper measures will result to a significant benefit of both in the reduction of unintended harm and in unnecessary expenditure of money. The implementation of patient safety is quite complex. It includes the awareness and involvement of every stakeholder at every aspect of a healthcare organization. The hospitals and other healthcare organizations of both of these two countries are adopting new policies to develop the patient safety policies. In recent years, patient safety has become a major priority for any organization related to health and ensuring everyone's safety is the most important challenge for them. The expert group suggests that there is a need for a unified mechanism for reporting and analysis should be done when things do not go properly. In many countries researches are being done to develop new healthcare policies for the welfare o f patients. There are different organizations that are working to give the patients a better treatment and healthcare facility. The patient safety is the key to run any healthcare organization successfully, and it is the effort of people that can make it work. References: Aiken, L. H., Sermeus, W., Van den Heede, K., Sloane, D. M., Busse, R., McKee, M., ... Tishelman, C. (2012). Patient safety, satisfaction, and quality of hospital care: cross sectional surveys of nurses and patients in 12 countries in Europe and the United States.Bmj,344, e1717 Dahlgren, D., Whitehead, M. (2015). European Strategies for tackling social inequalities in health: levelling up part 2.World Health. Davis, R. E., Sevdalis, N., Jacklin, R., Vincent, C. A. (2012). An examination of opportunities for the active patient in improving patient safety.Journal of patient safety,8(1), 36-43. Gov.uk,. (2015).2010 to 2015 government policy: patient safety - GOV.UK. Retrieved 25 January 2016, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-patient-safety/2010-to-2015-government-policy-patient-safety Klemp, K., Dovey, S., Valderas, J. M., Rohe, J., Godycki-Cwirko, M., Elliott, P., ... Hoffmann, B. (2015). Developing a patient safety incident classification system for primary care. A literature review and Delphi-survey by the LINNEAUS collaboration on patient safety in primary care.European Journal of General Practice,21(sup1), 35-38. Lawton, R., McEachan, R. R., Giles, S. J., Sirriyeh, R., Watt, I. S., Wright, J. (2012). Development of an evidence-based framework of factors contributing to patient safety incidents in hospital settings: a systematic review.BMJ quality safety, bmjqs-2011. ltd, V. (2016).Risk Management and Patient Safety - Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust.Nht.nhs.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2016, from https://www.nht.nhs.uk/main.cfm?type=CORPORATERISKMANAG Lunt, N. T., Mannion, R., Exworthy, M. (2013). A framework for exploring the policy implications of UK medical tourism and international patient flows.Social Policy Administration,47(1), 1-25 Neuss, M. N., Polovich, M., McNiff, K., Esper, P., Gilmore, T. R., LeFebvre, K. B., ... Jacobson, J. O. (2013). 2013 updated American Society of Clinical Oncology/Oncology Nursing Society chemotherapy administration safety standards including standards for the safe administration and management of oral chemotherapy.Journal of Oncology Practice,9(2S), 5s-13s. Nvz-ziekenhuizen.nl,. (2016). Retrieved 25 January 2016, from https://www.nvz-ziekenhuizen.nl/_library/10732 safety, P. (2016).Patient safety.England.nhs.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2016, from https://www.england.nhs.uk/patientsafety/ Shekelle, P. G., Pronovost, P. J., Wachter, R. M., McDonald, K. M., Schoelles, K., Dy, S. M., ... Bates, D. W. (2013). The top patient safety strategies that can be encouraged for adoption now.Annals of Internal Medicine,158(5_Part_2), 365-368. Syed, S. B., Dadwal, V., Storr, J., Riley, P., Rutter, P., Hightower, J. D., ... Pittet, D. (2013). Strengthening the evidence-policy interface for patient safety: enhancing global health through hospital partnerships.Globalization and health,9(1), 47. Tella, S., Liukka, M., Jamookeeah, D., Smith, N. J., Partanen, P., Turunen, H. (2014). What Do Nursing Students Learn About Patient Safety? An Integrative Literature.Journal of nursing education,53(1), 7.

Prohibition Essays (619 words) - Prohibition In The United States

Prohibition Prohibition One of the most controversial, the Eighteenth, and later, its repeal, the Tweny-First amendment, made a big impact on America, and their ideas are still talked about today. Prohibition has had many different view points from the beginning. Prohibition started long before the Eighteenth Amendment. Organizations against alcohol such as the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union were succeeding in enacting local prohibition laws, turning the campaign into a national effort. In the late 1900s there was an average of one saloon for every 150 to 200 people, including nondrinkers, due to competition in brewing companies. The major complaint was the sex and gambling that went along with the saloons. Originally it was started as awartime austerity measure in 1917, and later Congress proposed the Eighteenth Amendment. According to Dennis Mahoney, in 1919, it was ratified and went into effect. The Volstead act was sponsored by Andrew J.Volstead on October 28, 1919. It enforced the new Amendment. During Prohibition there was a slight drop in homicide rates around the country. On January 16, 1920, the great law went into effect. The Eighteenth amendment made it forbidden to manufacture, sell, transport, import or export any intoxicating liquors. This was controversial because it turned the common hard working man or woman, who enjoyed a drink after a hard day's work, into a criminal in the law's eyes. In The History of Prohibiton, a web site by J. McGrew, it states that Prohibiton also gave criminals, such as Al Capone, the opportunity to feed off the illegal substance. The organized crime circuit ate up Prohibition and began to boot leg alcohol. Local pharmacies and basements near the border became hubs for the transactions. The Big Bosses would purchase it in Canada, where it was legal and import it to the US. A prime example of the organized crime is in the movie, Legends of the Fall. Both the Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Amendment a re mentioned in the movie, as it portrays a small time boot legger going up against a big organized crime family, in the end many people lost their lives over alcohol and money. Speakeasies, illegal bars, sprang up everywhere. They promoted the worst of immorality, sex and gambling, as well as drinking. And for the first time women were seen smoking in public. Bathtub gin and other illegal brewing was everywhere. Not only was the home made booze highly potent it could also be highly fatal. If you survived, you could very well be blind or disabled from bad rot gut. I recently spoke to my grandfather on the issue and he was quoted to say Oh sure, we brewed our own beer and wine, we didn't care. The public was fed up. Well-organized groups like the Woman's Organization for National Prohibition Reform grew rapidly and after thirteen years it exploded during the 1932 presidential campaign. The democrats and their delegate, Senator, Franklin D. Roosevelt, supported the reform. Backed by t he Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, Roosevelt got the repeal. On February 20, 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment was proposed and on December 5, it was ratified. The newest Amendment to the Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act. After its repeal it took a long time for the consumption rate of Alcohol to get back to the pre-Prohibition level. In closing, the Noble Experiment (a name for Prohibiton, found in many different sources) failed. The evidence clearly shows that the conditions of the Nation were clearly better without Prohibition and the Eighteenth Amendment. One of the most discussed and debated of this century, will this issue be carried into the next on the back of Marijuana? History Essays